O artigo Regional, functional and transcriptomic decoding of multidimensional brain structure alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder foi publicado nature.com 

Cardoso Saraiva, L., Sato, J.R., Sebenius, I. et al. Regional, functional and transcriptomic decoding of multidimensional brain structure alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74153-2

Abstract
Studies of brain morphology in mental illness often focus on a few neuroimaging phenotypes. Here we present a comprehensive morphological characterization in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a large sample (2255 OCD, 2264 controls) using nine cortical and four subcortical phenotypes, including several not previously examined in OCD, among them a subcortical structural similarity network phenotype developed here. Spatially distinct regional alterations emerged across structural phenotypes: cortical curvature alterations in default mode and frontoparietal networks, increased structural similarity network node degree in sensorimotor regions, widespread volume reductions associated with medication use, and localized subcortical shape alterations. In brain-behavior predictive models, curvature phenotypes showed the strongest associations with clinical features. Cortical alterations, especially in structural similarity networks, were associated with specific gene expression patterns, implicating dysregulation of excitatory neurons. RNA-sequencing data from tissue collected during functional neurosurgery revealed that genes downregulated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in OCD contributed to the gene expression patterns linked to cortical alterations. Previously reported differentially expressed genes from postmortem brain studies of OCD also contributed. These findings support the importance of a comprehensive approach to characterizing brain morphology and suggest that cortical curvature and structural similarity alterations reflect key pathophysiological processes in OCD.

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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Joseph Buxbaum and Dorothy Grice for their support throughout the execution of this project.

Funding
L.C.S. was supported by the International OCD Foundation 2025 Jenike Young Investigator Award, NIH grant R01MH130609 (to C.P.), and Sao Paulo Research Foundation scholarships 2020/12484-6 and 2022/10207-0. J.R.S. was supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation grants 2023/18337-3 and 2023/02538-0. N.D. was supported by the International OCD Foundation Innovator Award of 2021. Y.A. was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS; KAKENHI) grant 23K14825. P.A. was supported by PI22/00752 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III and MAR22005 from Fundació La Marató. S.H.A. was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canada Research Chairs Program, the University of Toronto, and the CAMH Foundation. A.A. was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grant 2020.08114.BD). P.D.A. was supported by the Ontario Brain Institute, the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Alberta Children’s Hospital Foundation, and the Alberta Innovates Translational Health Chair in Child and Youth Mental Health, and holds a patent for SLCIAI Marker for Anxiety Disorder granted May 6, 2008. S.B. was supported by a Río Hortega grant (CM21/00278) from the Carlos III Health Institute (co-funded by the European Social Fund, Investing in Your Future). J.B. was supported by the European Union 7th Framework Program TACTICS consortium (grant 278948). J.C. was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grants DL 57/2016/CP1370/CT0066 and CEECINST/00117/2021/CP2784/CT0001). M.C.B. was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grant UIDP/4950/2020). A.D.C. was supported by a PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; reference 2022.09472.BD). I.C.D. was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (grants UIDP/4950/2020 and 2022.04701.PTDC). G.K.E. was supported by NIH grants R21/R33MH107589 and R01MH111794 (awarded to E.R.S.). A.F. was supported by a PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; reference 2022.12528.BD). J.D.F. was supported by NIMH grant R01MH085900. L.F.F. was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (#302526/2018-8), Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (#CNE E-26/200.950/2021), and the D’Or Institute of Research and Education (IDOR). J.I. was supported by NIMH grant R01MH131022. M.K. was supported by the Brain Science Convergence Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT (grant RS-2023-00266120). L.L. was supported by the Marató Foundation grants 01/2010 and 091710. C.L. was supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. M.M.S. was supported by a PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; reference 2020.07946.BD). D.M.C. was supported by the International OCD Foundation Breakthrough Grant, the Swedish Brain Foundation (Hjärnfonden; FO2017-0154 and FO2020-0139), and the Region Stockholm ALF Medicine funding program (20200137). P.M. was supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology projects UIDB/50026/2020, UIDP/50026/2020, and LA/P/0050/2020, and by project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039 through the European Regional Development Fund. T.N. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant JP21K07547. J.C.N. was supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST INSPIRE faculty grant IFA12-LSBM-26) and the Department of Biotechnology (BT/06/IYBA/2012). J.O. was supported by NIMH grants R01MH085900 and R01MH081864. J.C.P. was supported by NIMH grant R01MH081864. M.P.P. was supported by grant RYC2021-031228-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. F.P. was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2024). Y.C.J.R. was supported by the Department of Science and Technology (SR/S0/HS/0016/2011) and the Department of Biotechnology (BT/PR13334/Med/30/259/2009). Y.S. was supported by AMED grants JP23wm0625001 and JP24wm0625204. J.B.S.A. was supported by a postdoctoral scholarship from Fundação Maria-Emília (Brazil). E.R.S. was supported by NIH grants R21/R33MH107589 and R01MH111794. S.I.T. was supported by NIH grant R01MH138569 (MEGA-OCD). H.T. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant JP22K15766. F.T.M. was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, the D’Or Institute for Research and Education, and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. G.V. was supported by the Wellcome-DBT India Alliance grant 500236/Z/11/Z. C.V. was supported by the International OCD Foundation Innovator Award of 2021. Z.W. was supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82230045). A.W. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant 21K15749. G.V.W. was supported by ZonMw grants 165.610.002 and 016.156.318. Y.T.C. was supported by Neumora Therapeutics (formerly BlackThorn Therapeutics). C.S.M. was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/00889, PI19/01171), Departament de Salut (PERIS SLT006/17/249), Fundació Marató de TV3 (202201-31), Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2021SGR01017), and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2022?139081OB-C21). R.R.G. was supported by the EMERGIA Junta de Andalucía program (EMERGIA20_00139), Plan de Consolidación (CNS2023-143647), and Plan de Generación de Conocimiento (PID2021-122853OA-I00) of the Agencia Estatal de Investigación. P.M.T. was supported by NIH grant R01MH138569 (MEGA-OCD). D.J.S. was supported by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC). O.A.H. was supported by the International OCD Foundation Innovator Award of 2021 and by NIMH grant R01MH138569-01 (MEGA-OCD). C.P. was supported by NIH grant R01MH116038. C.C. was supported by NIH grant 1K99MH128540-01.

Author information
Author notes
These authors contributed equally: Christopher Pittenger, Carolina Cappi.

Authors and Affiliations
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Leonardo Cardoso Saraiva, Rachael Grazioplene, Chiang-shan R. Li, Chiang-shan R. Li, Christopher Pittenger, Youngsun T. Cho, Helen Pushkarskaya, Anderson M. Winkler & Christopher Pittenger

Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Leonardo Cardoso Saraiva, Antonio C. Lopes, Monicke O. Lima, Vanessa R. Ramos, Marcelo C. Batistuzzo, Marco A. N. Echevarria, Marcelo Q. Hoexter, Maria A. S. de Mathis, Roseli G. Shavitt & Euripedes C. Miguel Filho

Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil

João R. Sato

Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Isaac Sebenius

Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Nadza Dzinalija, Sophie M. D. D. Fitzsimmons, Tjardo S. Postma, Dick J. Veltman, Chris Vriend, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Odile A. van den Heuvel & Odile A. van den Heuvel

Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Nadza Dzinalija, Sophie M. D. D. Fitzsimmons, Tjardo S. Postma, Dick J. Veltman, Chris Vriend, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Odile A. van den Heuvel & Odile A. van den Heuvel

Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

Carla del Río-Torné, Pino Alonso, Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín, José M. Menchón, Carla del Río-Torné, Sara Bertolín, Eva Real, Cinto Segalàs & Carles Soriano-Mas

Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

Carla del Río-Torné, Pino Alonso, José M. Menchón, Carla del Río-Torné, Sara Bertolín, Cinto Segalàs & Carles Soriano-Mas

Neurosurgery Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medicine School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Fábio Godinho & Ricardo Iglesio

Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Thomas V. Fernandez, Christopher Pittenger, Youngsun T. Cho & Christopher Pittenger

Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Yoshinari Abe, Yuki Sakai, Takashi Nakamae, Jin Narumoto, Anri Watanabe & Kei Yamada

Sugimoto Psychiatric Clinic, Kyoto, Japan

Yoshinari Abe

Network Center for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain

Pino Alonso, Luisa Lazaro, José M. Menchón, Sara Bertolín, Luisa Lazaro, Astrid Morer, Eva Real, Cinto Segalàs & Carles Soriano-Mas

Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression, Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

Stephanie H. Ameis

Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Stephanie H. Ameis

Janssen Research & Development, LLC, a Johnson & Johnson Company, Titusville, NJ, USA

Alan Anticevic

CIBIT, ICNAS, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Ana Araújo, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Isabel C. Duarte & João Castelhano

Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Ana Araújo & Miguel Castelo-Branco

The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Paul D. Arnold

Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Paul D. Arnold

OCD Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India

Srinivas Balachander, Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy, Janardhan Y. C. Reddy & Ganesan Venkatasubramanian

Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy

Nerisa Banaj, Fabrizio Piras, Federica Piras & Daniela Vecchio

Department of Methods and Techniques in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Marcelo C. Batistuzzo

Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy

Francesco Benedetti

Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy

Francesco Benedetti, Irene Bollettini, Beatrice Bravi, Sara Dallaspezia, Elisa Melloni & Sara Poletti

McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA

Brian Brennan

Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Brian Brennan

Radboudumc, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Jan Buitelaar, Daan van Rooij, Jan Buitelaar & Daan van Rooij

Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Jan Buitelaar & Jan Buitelaar

Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Sunah Choi, Minji Ha, Inkyung Park & Harin Oh

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Ana D. Costa, Afonso Fernandes, Mafalda Machado-Sousa, Pedro Morgado, Maria Picó-Pérez, Patrícia Coelho, Beatriz Couto, Ana D. Costa, Afonso Fernandes, Sónia Ferreira, Mafalda Machado-Sousa, Pedro Morgado, Maria Picó-Pérez & Nuno Sousa

Clinical Academic Center – Braga, Braga, Portugal

Ana D. Costa, Afonso Fernandes, Mafalda Machado-Sousa, Pedro Morgado, Patrícia Coelho, Beatriz Couto, Ana D. Costa, Afonso Fernandes, Sónia Ferreira, Mafalda Machado-Sousa, Pedro Moreira, Pedro Morgado & Nuno Sousa

Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Damiaan Denys, Hein van Marle, Anouk van der Straten, Guido van Wingen, Wieke van Leeuwen, Hein van Marle, Laurens van de Mortel, Anouk van der Straten & Guido van Wingen

Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Damiaan Denys, Hein van Marle, Anouk van der Straten, Guido van Wingen, Wieke van Leeuwen, Hein van Marle, Laurens van de Mortel, Anouk van der Straten & Guido van Wingen

ICNAS, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Isabel C. Duarte

Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Goi Khia Eng & Emily R. Stern

Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA

Goi Khia Eng & Emily R. Stern

Division of Neurosciences & Clinical Translation, Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Jamie D. Feusner

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

Jamie D. Feusner

Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Jamie D. Feusner

Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Martijn Figee & Alexander W. Charney

D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Leonardo F. Fontenelle, Juliana B. de Salles Andrade & Fernanda Tovar-Moll

Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Leonardo F. Fontenelle

Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

Leonardo F. Fontenelle

MRI Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain

Alejandro Hinojosa & Emma Muñoz-Moreno

Levvel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chaim Huijser

Amsterdam UMC, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chaim Huijser

Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China

Hao Hu

Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK

Anthony James

Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Minah Kim

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Minah Kim

Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Jun Soo Kwon

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Jun Soo Kwon

Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Jun Soo Kwon

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain

Luisa Lazaro, Luisa Lazaro, Astrid Morer & Ana E. Ortiz

Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Luisa Lazaro, Luisa Lazaro & Astrid Morer

SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Christine Lochner

GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Hein van Marle & Hein van Marle

Department of Radiology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín

Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

David Mataix-Cols

Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

David Mataix-Cols

Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Luciano Minuzzi & Luciano Minuzzi

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Luciano Minuzzi, Noam Soreni & Luciano Minuzzi

Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Tomohiro Nakao & Hirofumi Tomiyama

Monash Health & Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy

Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Erika L. Nurmi, Joseph O’Neill & John C. Piacentini

UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Joseph O’Neill

Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Mary L. Phillips

Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

Maria Picó-Pérez & Maria Picó-Pérez

Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Chiang-shan R. Li, Chiang-shan R. Li, Christopher Pittenger & Christopher Pittenger

Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Daan van Rooij & Daan van Rooij

ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan

Yuki Sakai

XNef, Inc, Kyoto, Japan

Yuki Sakai

Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Freda Scheffler & Jonathan Ipser

Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India

Venkataram Shivakumar

Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Noam Soreni

Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Emily R. Stern

Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Specialized Youth Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Anouk van der Straten & Anouk van der Straten

Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA

Sophia I. Thomopoulos & Paul M. Thompson

Department of Clinical Psychology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China

Zhen Wang & Qing Zhao

Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Alexander W. Charney

Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Alexander W. Charney

Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERSAM, ISCIII, 41013, Sevilla, Spain

Rafael Romero-Garcia

Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Bldg, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK

Rafael Romero-Garcia

SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Dan J. Stein & Dan J. Stein

Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA

Anderson M. Winkler

Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Christopher Pittenger & Christopher Pittenger

Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Christopher Pittenger & Christopher Pittenger

Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Christopher Pittenger & Christopher Pittenger

Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Carolina Cappi

LASI — Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal

João Castelhano

CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Tiago F. T. Cerqueira

Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Taekwan Kim

Mental Health Neuroscience Department, Division of Psychiatry and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK

Taekwan Kim

Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Wieke van Leeuwen

School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Pedro Moreira

Department of Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Jinsong Tang

Consortia
ENIGMA-OCD Working Group
Leonardo Cardoso Saraiva, João R. Sato, Isaac Sebenius, Nadza Dzinalija, Carla del Río-Torné, Fábio Godinho, Antonio C. Lopes, Thomas V. Fernandez, Monicke O. Lima, Vanessa R. Ramos, Ricardo Iglesio, Yoshinari Abe, Pino Alonso, Stephanie H. Ameis, Alan Anticevic, Ana Araújo, Paul D. Arnold, Srinivas Balachander, Nerisa Banaj, Marcelo C. Batistuzzo, Francesco Benedetti, Sara Bertolín, Irene Bollettini, Beatrice Bravi, Brian Brennan, Jan Buitelaar, João Castelhano, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Tiago F. T. Cerqueira, Sunah Choi, Patrícia Coelho, Beatriz Couto, Ana D. Costa, Sara Dallaspezia, Damiaan Denys, Isabel C. Duarte, Marco A. N. Echevarria, Goi Khia Eng, Afonso Fernandes, Sónia Ferreira, Jamie D. Feusner, Martijn Figee, Sophie M. D. D. Fitzsimmons, Leonardo F. Fontenelle, Rachael Grazioplene, Minji Ha, Alejandro Hinojosa, Marcelo Q. Hoexter, Chaim Huijser, Hao Hu, Anthony James, Jonathan Ipser, Minah Kim, Taekwan Kim, Jun Soo Kwon, Luisa Lazaro, Wieke van Leeuwen, Christine Lochner, Mafalda Machado-Sousa, Hein van Marle, Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín, David Mataix-Cols, Maria A. S. de Mathis, Elisa Melloni, José M. Menchón, Luciano Minuzzi, Pedro Moreira, Pedro Morgado, Emma Muñoz-Moreno, Astrid Morer, Laurens van de Mortel, Takashi Nakamae, Tomohiro Nakao, Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy, Jin Narumoto, Erika L. Nurmi, Joseph O’Neill, Harin Oh, Ana E. Ortiz, Inkyung Park, Mary L. Phillips, John C. Piacentini, Maria Picó-Pérez, Fabrizio Piras, Federica Piras, Sara Poletti, Tjardo S. Postma, Chiang-shan R. Li, Eva Real, Janardhan Y. C. Reddy, Daan van Rooij, Yuki Sakai, Juliana B. de Salles Andrade, Freda Scheffler, Cinto Segalàs, Venkataram Shivakumar, Noam Soreni, Nuno Sousa, Emily R. Stern, Anouk van der Straten, Jinsong Tang, Sophia I. Thomopoulos, Hirofumi Tomiyama, Fernanda Tovar-Moll, Daniela Vecchio, Dick J. Veltman, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, Chris Vriend, Zhen Wang, Anri Watanabe, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Guido van Wingen, Kei Yamada, Qing Zhao, Alexander W. Charney, Youngsun T. Cho, Roseli G. Shavitt, Helen Pushkarskaya, Carles Soriano-Mas, Rafael Romero-Garcia, Paul M. Thompson, Dan J. Stein, Odile A. van den Heuvel, Anderson M. Winkler, Euripedes C. Miguel Filho, Christopher Pittenger & Carolina Cappi
Corresponding authors
Correspondence to Leonardo Cardoso Saraiva, Christopher Pittenger or Carolina Cappi.